NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Notes (Handwritten Notes & PDF Download)

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NCERT Class 12 Physics Chapter 11 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Notes

Next Chapter: Atoms
Previous Chapter: Wave Optics

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Class 12 Biology Notes
Class 12 Chemistry Notes

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Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Notes PDF

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Key Points: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Notes PDF

Electron Emission: The process of ejection of electron from metal surface by applying external energy is called electron emission

Work Function: Minimum energy required by an electron to escape from metal surface.

Photoelectric effect : Photoelectric effect – The phenomenon of converting light energy into electric energy is called photoelectric effect.

The current produced by photoeffect is called photocurrent.

Hertz’s observations:- Hertz’s observations are key to understanding the photoelectric effect.

Hallwachs’ and Lenard’s observations:

Hallwachs’ Observation: In the late 19th century, Wilhelm Hallwachs discovered that when ultraviolet light (or any light of sufficient frequency) is directed at a metal surface, it causes the metal to emit electrons. This was the first evidence that light can cause electrons to be ejected from a metal.

Lenard’s Observation : Following Hallwachs, Philipp Lenard conducted experiments that confirmed Hallwachs’ findings. Lenard observed that the emitted electrons (photoelectrons) had a range of energies and their number increased with the intensity of the incident light. He also found that the kinetic energy of these electrons depended on the frequency of the light, not its intensity.

Experimental study of photoelectric effect :

• Setup
• Observation

Law of Photoelectric emission :-

• The photoelectric current is directly proportion to intensity of incident light.
• Saturation current is found to be proportional to intensity of its incident radiation.
• The stopping potential is independent of intensities.
• The value of saturation current is independent of frequency.
• The stopping potential increases in negative for higher frequency.
• Stopping potential of photoelectrons increases linearly with frequency after minimum out of frequency.
• There exist a certain minimum frequency of incident radiation below which no emission take place. This frequency is called threshold frequency.
• It is a spontaneous process. i.e., there is no time lag.

Wave Nature of Matter : De Broglie Hypothesis According to this, a moving material particle sometime acts as a wave and sometime as a particle. This wave is know as de broglie wave or matter wave.

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