Class 12 Chemistry The d and f Block Elements Notes (Handwritten Notes)

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Class 12 Chemistry The d and f Block Elements Handwritten Notes

Next Chapter: Coordination Compounds
Previous Chapter: Chemical Kinetics

Other Subjects:
Class 12 Biology Notes
Class 12 Physics Notes

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Key Points: The d and f Block Elements Notes PDF

d-block-

• The element that can be found from the G-3 to G-12 of modern periodic table are Called d-block elements.
• Valence e of these elements falls under the d-arbital.
• d-block elements also called Transition element because they exibit transitional (bridging) behaviour between s-and p-block.
• In d-block elements, the valence shell has a constant number of electron, where as the number of e- in penultimate Shell goes on increasing.

Transition elements: An element having a d subshell that is partially filled with electrons, or an element that has the ability to farm Stable cations with an incompletly filled d arbital.

f-block elements –

• Also called ‘inner transition’ elements.
• The elements in which the electron enter in (n-2) f arbitals are called f-block elements.
• f-block elements are placed separately at the bottom of periodic table They are subset of 6th and 7th period

Ferromagnetic :

• Strongly attracted by magnetic field and they retain the Magnetic behaviour even after the removal of magnetic field.
• eg- Fe, Co, Ni

Catalytic properties :

• Transitional metals are widely used as catalyst at industrial level.
• Theories that explains the catalytic behavior of these metals.

General characteristics and comparison with Lanthanoids :

• Instead of having same color (silver) all actinoid metals display the variety of structures, this variety is due to irregularities in matallic radii which are far greater than in Lanthanoids.
• The actinoids are highly reactive metals.
• The magnetic properties of the actinoids are томе соmplex than those of the Lanthanoids.
• Actinoids compound of their ions are coloured most probably due to f-f transition.
• Actinide contraction is greater than Lanthanoid contraction due to poor shielding by 5f-electrons in actinides than that of 4f-electrons in the Lanthanoids.

Alloy Formation

• It is a blend of metals.
• These are homogeneous solid solution.
• Alloys are formed by atoms with metallic Radii that are within 15% of each other.
• Hard and high melting point.
• Alloy of non-transition metals are brass (Cu+Zn) and bronze (Cu+Sn)

Industrial and structural Applications :-

• Iron and Steel : As the backbone of modern infrastructure, iarn and its alloy, steel, are extensively used in the construction of buildings, bridges, automobiles, and machinery. The addition of other d-block elements like chromium and nickel enhances the properties of steel, making it resistant to corrosion.
• Titanium: known for its high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, titanium is vital in the aerospace industry for manufacturing aircraft and Spacecraft components. it is also used in medical implants due to its biocompatibility.
• Copper: An excellent conductor of electricity and heat, copper is primarily used in electrical wiring, plumbing, and in the manufacturing of various alloys like brass (with zinc) and bronze (with tin).
• Zinc : A key application of zinc is in the galvanization of iron to protect it from rusting. Zinc is also a crucial component of batteries and various alloys.
• Tungsten : with its exceptionally high melting point, tungsten is used to make filaments far incandescent light bulbs and heating elements in high-temperature furnaces.
• Chromium and Nickel :- These metals are widely used for electroplating to provide a decorative and protecting coating on other metals.

Catalytic Applications: Many transition metals and their compounds are excellent catalysts due to their ability to exhibit multiple oxidation states and form intermediate complexes.

• Iron is used as a catalyst in the Haber-Bosch process for the synthesis of ammonia.
• Nickel is a crucial catalyst in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

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