Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Notes (Handwritten Notes)

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Class 12 Chemistry Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Handwritten Notes

Next Chapter: Amines
Previous Chapter: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers

Other Subjects:
Class 12 Biology Notes
Class 12 Physics Notes

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Key Points: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids Notes PDF

Physical Properties of Aldehydes and ketones:

1. Physical state:
   • Methanal (Formaldehyde) is a gas at room temperature.
   • Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) is a volatile liquid.
   • Other common aldehydes and ketones are either liquids or solids at room temperature.
2. Boiling Point:
   • The Boiling poit of higher than those of non-polar hydrocarbons and weakly polar ethers with comparable molecular masses.

Cannizzaro reaction:

• aldehyde which do not have α hydrogen atom.
• undergo self oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) reaction on heated with concentrated alkali.

Uses of Aldehydes and ketones:

• Solvents
• Formalin (formaldehyde 40%) – preserve biological specimen.
• HCHO in bakelite.
• Flavouring and sweetning agent.

Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxyl function group COOH.

Fatty Acids: Higher aliphatic carboxylic (c12 to C8) found in natural fats as esters of glycerol.

From alkylbenzenes

• Aromatic carboxylic acids can be prepared by the vigorous oxidation of alkylbenzenes.
• The entire side chain is oxidized to a carboxyl group, no matter how long it is.
• primary and secondary alkyl groups are Oxidized in this way.

Boiling point : carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than aldehydes, ketones and even alcohols of comparable masses.

Solubility:

• Simple aliphatic carboxylic acids (up to 4 carbons) are miscible in water due to hydrogen bonding with water molecules
• Solubility decreases as the size of the alkyl group increases because the hydrophobic part of the molecule become larger.

Reactions Involving the – COOH group

1. Reduction: Reduced to primary alcohols. using strong reducing agents like Lithium Aluminium Hydride (LiAlH4) or diborane (B2H6).

2. Decarboxylation: Removal of CO₂ from the molecule Sodium salts of acids are heated with sodalime (NaOH + CaO) to form hydro- carbons with one less carbon atom.

Hell-Volhard – zelinsky (HvZ) Reaction :

Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence Of a small amount of red phosphorus.

Ring Substitution (Aromatic Acids):

• The carboxyl group is a deactivating and meta- directing group for electrophilic substitution reactions.
• Friedel-crafts reactions do not occur because the COOH group deactivates the ring and the catalyst (AlCl3) gets bonded to the carboxyl group.

Uses of Carboxylic Acids :

• Methanoic acid : Used in rubber, textile, and leather industries.
• Ethanoic acid : Used as a solvent and as vinegar in the food industry.
• Hexanedioic acid (Adipic acid) : Used to manufacture nylon-6,6.
• Sodium Benzoate : Used as a food preservative.
• High fatty acids : Used to make soaps and detergents.

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