Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Notes (Handwritten Notes)

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Class 12 Chemistry Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Handwritten Notes

Next Chapter: Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids
Previous Chapter: Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Other Subjects:
Class 12 Biology Notes
Class 12 Physics Notes

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Key Points: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers Notes PDF

Preparation of Phenols :

Phenol is also known as carbolic acid was first prepared from coal Tar in early 19th century.

• Dow’s process It is an industrial method which is used far preparation of phenol. It takes place through a benzene mechanism.
• From benzesulphonic acid
• From aniline ( benzene diazonium halides)

Acidity of alcohols:

As the number of alkyl group (e donating group) increase in c of alcohol, they releases their e- density towards c and O-H bond polarity decrease and release of proton also decrease hence acidity decreases.

Oxidation:

In this reaction Oxidation is absorbed by Removal of dihydrogen that is from OH and C-H bond clevage. This reaction is also called dehydrogenation.

Halogenation:

Generally for halogenation like in benzene. Lewis acid like FeBr₃, FeCl₃, AlCl₃ etc. are used to create x electrophile, but phenol is already very active because of -OH group.

Physiological Effects:

• Impacts the central nervous system.
• Moderate amounts can impair judgment and Lower inhibitions.
• Higher doses can cause nausea and loss of consciousness.
• Very high concentrations can be fatal by interfering with respiration.

Denatured Alcohol:

• Commercial alcohol is made unsuitable for drinking.
• This is achieved by adding substances like copper sulphate (to give it colar) and pyridine (which has a foul smell)

Boiling Point

• Ethers have much lower boiling points than isomeric alcohols (alcohols with the same molecular formula).
• Reason: Alcohols can farm strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds with each other, while etheus cannot.
• A significant amount of energy is needed to break these hydrogen bonds in alcohols, resulting in higher boiling points.
• The boiling points of ethers are comparable to those of alkanes with similar molecular masses because the intermolecular forces (weak van der Waals forces) are of similar Strength.

FeCl₃ Test

Phenol gives characteristic purple colour with Fecl₃ but alcohols do not react with Fecl₃. Carboxylic acids also form buff coloured precipitate with Fecls. Only acetic acid farms red Coloured precipitate with FeCl₃, so it can be used as a test for acetate salts.

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