Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Notes (Handwritten Notes)

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Class 12 Chemistry Haloalkanes and Haloarenes Handwritten Notes

Next Chapter: Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
Previous Chapter: Coordination Compounds

Other Subjects:
Class 12 Biology Notes
Class 12 Physics Notes

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Haloalkanes & Haloarenes

The replacement of hydrogen atom (s) in an aliphatic aromatic hydrocarbon by halogen atom (s) results in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide (haloarene), respectively.

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction :

Such reaction in which a stronger nucleophilic displaces a weaker nucleophile are called nucleophilic Substitution reaction, and the atom or group which departs with its bonding pair of electron is called the leaving group. Better the leaving group mare facile is the reaction.

Optical Isomers : Compound that have same molecular formula but have different optical activity. i.e. one is dextro and other is laevo. This phenomenon is called Optical Isomerism.

Molecular asymmetry, chirality and enantiomers :

• Louis pasture observed that the compound that have crystal which are mirror images of each other have different optical activity also
• He suggested that the optical activity is because of different in 3D arrangement of atom in their molecule.
• Van’t Hoff and Le Bel independently suggested that. Those carbon in a molecule that have all four valancies satisfied by four different group are molecular asymmetric.

Those alkene /alkyne will be formed in mayor quantity that have maximum number of substituent around their = / = bond.

Reaction with metals:

Alkyl chloride, alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides react with Mg in presence of dry ether to form an organometallic compounds known as Grignard reagent.

Wurtz Reaction:

Alkyl halides reacts with sodium in dry ether to give hydrocarbon (double the number of carbon). Both the alkyl halide should be same same.

Polyhalogen compounds :

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) : (CH2Cl2)

• Solvent as paint remover.
• Propellant in aresols
• Solvent in drug manufacturing
• Metal Cleaning and finishing Solvent.
• It harms C.N.S.
• Exposure to lower level in air can lead to impaired vision and hearing.
• High level – diziness, Nausea, tingling, numbness in finger and toes.
• Skin burning and mild Medness. Burn cornea.

Trichloromethane (chloform) :- (CHCL3)

• Solvents for fats, alkaloids iodine etc.
• General anesthetic in surgery (depresant-CNS) but replaced by ethers (less toxic).
• Used for production of FREON REFRIGERANT-22.
• Breathing 900 ppm cause fatigue, headache and diziness.
• Chronic CHCl3 exposure cause damage of the Liver / kidney and somes of skin.

Freons:

• The CFCs of methane and ethane are collectively known as Freons.
• Extremely stable, unreactive, non-toxic, non-corrosive and easly liquifiable gas.
• Freon-12 (CCl2 F2) – most common farm in industries.
• It is manufactured from ccl4 by swartz reaction.
• In atmosphere, remain unchanged in stratosphere and initiate Os layer damage by radical chain method.

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